ABC de la diálisis peritoneal en pediatría / ABC of the peritoneal dialysis in pediatrics

Resumen: La enfermedad renal crónica terminal (ERCT) tiene una incidencia de 5,5 a 9 ppm, y una prevalencia de 23 a 65 ppm en menores de 15 años. La diálisis peritoneal (DP) crónica representa en pediatría la terapia de reemplazo renal más usada, previo al trasplante renal. Existen 2 tipos de DP crónicas, manual (DPCA) y automatizada (DPA), cuya elección se basa en las características del peritoneo eva luado mediante el test de equilibrio peritoneal (PET), que divide a los pacientes en transportadores altos (intercambio rápido), promedio alto, promedio bajo, y bajos (intercambio lento). Este test eva lúa básicamente el transporte de solutos, al cual se ha sumado el MiniPET, que evalúa el transporte peritoneal de agua libre. Se debe igualmente determinar la cuantía de diálisis (Kt/V), que representa la dosis de diálisis aplicada, con un valor mínimo sugerido de 1,7, relacionado a la morbimortalidad. Estos parámetros deben ser evaluados periódicamente para ajustar la DP, y cada vez que se sospeche una depuración o ultrafiltración inadecuadas. El objetivo de esta revisión es entregar conceptos bási cos sobre fisiología del transporte peritoneal, modalidades de DP, evaluación del transporte de agua y solutos peritoneal, y el cálculo de la dosis de diálisis para una diálisis ajustada a las necesidades de cada paciente, como también revisar los mecanismos de corrección y ajuste del procedimiento cada vez que se requiera.

Abstract: End-stage renal disease (ESRD) has an incidence of 5.5 to 9 pmp, and a prevalence of 23 to 65 pmp in children under 15 years of age. Chronic peritoneal dialysis (PD) represents the most widely used renal replacement therapy in children before kidney transplantation. There are two PD modalities, the manual one (CAPD) and the automated one (APD). The choice is based on the peritoneum characteristics, evaluated through the peritoneal equilibrium test (PET), which divides patients into high transporters (rapid exchange membrane), high average, low average, and low transporters (slow exchange membrane). This test basically evaluates the solutes transport rate, and the MiniPET has been added which evaluates peritoneal free water transport. The amount of dialysis (Kt/V), which represents the dose of dialysis administered also must be evaluated to assure a minimal value of 1.7 related to morbidity and mortality. These parameters should be evaluated periodically to ad just the PD and whenever suspected an inadequate clearance or ultrafiltration. The objective of this review is to provide basic concepts on peritoneal transport physiology, PD modalities, free water transport and peritoneal solute transport evaluation, and the dialysis dose to be applied according to the patient's needs, as well as reviewing the correction mechanisms and procedure adjustment whenever required.

Cistatina C: marcador de laboratorio precoz de enfermedad renal en pacientes con depranocitosis / Cystatin C: early laboratory marker of renal disease In sickle cell disease

La enfermedad renal en el paciente con drepanocitosis es una consecuencia de su complejo proceso fisiopatológico, por lo que es importante disponer de un grupo de parámetros de laboratorio que, junto a la evaluación clínica, permita determinar de forma precoz la presencia de esta complicación. La cistatina C ha demostrado ser uno de los parámetros que con mayor exactitud aporta evidencia temprana de daño renal en este grupo de pacientes y al mismo tiempo constituye un posible indicador de pronóstico de gran importancia(AU)

Renal disease in patients with sickle cell disease is a consequence of its complex pathophysiological process, so it is important to have a set of laboratory parameters that, together with the clinical evaluation, allow the early detection of this complication. Cystatin C has been shown to be one of the parameters that provides, with greater accuracy, early evidence of kidney damage in this group of patients and at the same time constitutes a possible indicator of prognosis of great importance(AU)

Inusual causa de deterioro progresivo de la función renal / Uncommon cause of progressive renal function decline

Toda vez que a lo largo de 3 meses hay una caída del 50% del filtrado glomerular estamos en presencia de lo que se define como deterioro rápidamente evolutivo de la función renal. Si además es acompañado de un sedimento urinario activo, inferimos estar frente a una glomerulopatía rápidamente evolutiva, una microangiopatía trombótica, una enfermedad renal ateroembólica o una nefritis intersticial. La mayoría de las veces la celeridad con que se inicia el tratamiento impacta en el resultado del mismo, lo que con frecuencia obliga a realizarlo en forma empírica. No obstante, como la terapéutica a emplear no es inocua, debemos extremar las medidas diagnósticas para definir la etiología, este caso es un ejemplo de ello

Whenever there is a 50% drop in glomerular filtration over 3 months we are in the presence of what is defined as rapidly progressive deterioration of renal function. If it is also accompanied by an active urinary sediment, it is inferred that one of these may be taking place: a rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis, a thrombotic microangiopathy, an atheroembolic renal disease or an interstitial nephritis. In most cases the speed with which the treatment is initiated impacts on its result, which often requires that it is done empirically. However, as the therapy used is not innocuous, we must maximize diagnostic measures to define the etiology; this case is an example of this

Interaction of Gender and Hepatitis C in Risk of Chronic Renal Failure After Liver Transplantation

ABSTRACT Background. Chronic renal failure (CRF) is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in post-liver transplantation (LT) recipients. The risk factors associated with the development of renal dysfunction are not clearly elucidated. Objectives. To examine the risk factors in the development of CRF in these patients. Material and methods. Retrospective case-cohort of liver transplant patients without baseline kidney dysfunction who developed chronic renal failure during their follow-up. Results. Of 370 patients, 254 met the inclusion criteria. 30% (76) of these patients had CRF of which 57% (43) were male. Age, estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) at discharge, and HCV infection were found to be risk factors for CRF post-LT. The odds ratio of developing CRF was 1.4 (0.6-3.3) in males with HCV, 1.6 (0.7-3.9) in females without HCV and 4.4 (1.5-13.2) among females with HCV when compared to men without HCV. Conclusions. In this cohort of LT receipients of a major Canadian city, age, eGFR, and HCV infection were risk factors for CRF. Female gender and HCV increased this odds by a factor of more than 4.

Biopsia renal en el adulto mayor / Renal biopsy in the elderly

INTRODUCCIÓN: La enfermedad renal es muy frecuente en los adultos mayores. Esta población está creciendo rápidamente y en las últimas décadas ha aumentado el número de biopsias renales efectuadas a pacientes de edad avanzada. OBJETIVO: El objetivo de este estudio fue examinar la frecuencia y la correlación clínico-patológica de las enfermedades renales en pacientes adultos mayores en los que se realizó una biopsia renal. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Se analizaron retrospectivamente las formas de presentación clínica de la enfermedad renal y los hallazgos histológicos predominantes en pacientes mayores de 65 años sometidos a biopsia renal (n 109) durante un período de 12 años. RESULTADOS: De un total de 871 biopsias renales efectuadas en este período, 109 (12,5%) correspondieron a pacientes mayores de 65 años. Las indicaciones más frecuentes de la biopsia renal fueron el síndrome nefrótico (37,6%) y la insuficiencia renal (34,9%). La hematuria microscópica estuvo presente en el 59,6% y la hipertensión arterial en el 62,4% de los pacientes. La glomerulopatía membranosa fue el diagnóstico histológico más común (21,1%), seguido de la glomerulopatía extracapilar (20,2%). Cuando se correlacionaron los síndromes clínicos con los hallazgos histológicos, se encontró que el síndrome nefrótico fue la manifestación principal en la nefropatía membranosa (78,3%), en la esclerosis focal y segmentaria (55,6%) y en la nefropatía por diabetes (66,7%). La insuficiencia renal estuvo presente en el 90% de la glomerulopatía extracapilar (95,5% pauciinmune tipo 3). La hematuria microscópica fue la principal manifestación en la glomerulopatía mesangial (83,3%). CONCLUSIONES: El síndrome nefrótico y la insuficiencia renal (principalmente la insuficiencia renal rápidamente progresiva) fueron las principales indicaciones de la biopsia renal en este grupo de pacientes, en estrecha relación con los hallazgos histológicos. La glomerulopatía membranosa y la extracapilar pauiciinmune resultaron ser las más frecuentes. La biopsia renal proporciona información útil para el diagnóstico, pronóstico y tratamiento de las enfermedades renales en la población de edad avanzada

INTRODUCTION: Kidney disease is very common among the elderly. Over the last decades, the number of renal biopsies performed on these patients has increased. OBJECTIVE: This study was carried out to examine the frequency and the clinical-pathological correlation of kidney disease in elderly patients who have had a renal biopsy done. METHODS: The clinical presentation of kidney disease and the main histological findings were retrospectively analyzed in patients over 65 who had undergone renal biopsy (n=109) for a period of 12 years. RESULTS: The total number of renal biopsies performed during this period was 871, out of which 109 (12.5%) corresponded to patients over 65. The main indications for renal biopsies were nephrotic syndrome (37.6%) and kidney failure (34.9%). Microscopic hematuria was found in 59.6% of the patients and high blood pressure in 62.4% of them. The most frequent histological diagnosis was membranous glomerulonephritis (21.1%), followed by extracapillary glomerulonephritis (20.2%). When clinical syndromes and histological findings were compared, the nephrotic syndrome was found to be the main feature of membranous nephropathy (78.3%), of focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (55.6%) and of diabetic nephropathy (66.7%). Kidney failure was present in 90% of the cases of extracapillary glomerulonephritis (95.5% pauci immune or type 3). Microscopic hematuria was the main sign of mesangial prolifeative glomerulonephritis (83.3%). CONCLUSIONS: Nephrotic syndrome and kidney failure (especially rapidly progressive renal failure) were the main renal biopsy results in this group of patients, bearing close relation to histological findings. The most common types of glomerulonephritis were membranous GN and pauci immune extracapillary GN. Renal biopsy provides useful information for the diagnosis, prognosis and treatment of kidney disease in the elderly

Impact of dialysis modality on technique survival in end-stage renal disease patients

BACKGROUND/AIMS: This study analyzed the risk factors for technique survival in dialysis patients and compared technique survival rates between hemodialysis (HD) and peritoneal dialysis (PD) in a prospective cohort of Korean patients. METHODS: A total of 1,042 patients undergoing dialysis from September 2008 to June 2011 were analyzed. The dialysis modality was defined as that used 90 days after commencing dialysis. Technique survival was compared between the two dialysis modalities, and the predictive risk factors were evaluated. RESULTS: The dialysis modality was an independent risk factor predictive of technique survival. PD had a higher risk for technique failure than HD (hazard ratio [HR], 10.8; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.9 to 62.0; p = 0.008) during a median follow-up of 11.0 months. In the PD group, a high body mass index (BMI) was an independent risk factor for technique failure (HR, 1.3; 95% CI, 1.0 to 1.8; p = 0.036). Peritonitis was the most common cause of PD technique failure. The difference in technique survival between PD and HD was more prominent in diabetic patients with a good nutritional status and in non-diabetic patients with a poor nutritional status. CONCLUSIONS: In a prospective cohort of Korean patients with end-stage renal disease, PD was associated with a higher risk of technique failure than HD. Diabetic patients with a good nutritional status and non-diabetic patients with a poor nutritional status, as well as patients with a higher BMI, had an inferior technique survival rate with PD compared to HD.

The Natural Course of Biopsy-Proven Isolated Microscopic Hematuria: a Single Center Experience of 350 Patients

The increasing interest in healthcare and health screening events is revealing additional cases of asymptomatic isolated microscopic hematuria (IMH). However, a consensus of the evaluation and explanation of the IMH prognosis is controversial among physicians. Here, we present the natural course of IMH together with the pathological diagnosis and features to provide supportive data when approaching patients with IMH. We retrospectively evaluated 350 patients with IMH who underwent a renal biopsy between 2002 and 2011, and the pathological diagnosis and chronic histopathological features (glomerulosclerosis, interstitial fibrosis, and tubular atrophy) were reviewed. Deterioration of renal function was examined during follow up. The patients with IMH were evaluated for a mean of 86 months. IgA nephropathy was the most common diagnosis in 164 patients (46.9%). Chronic histopathological changes were observed in 166 (47.4%) but was not correlated with proteinuria or a decline in renal function. Ten patients developed proteinuria, and all of them had IgA nephropathy. Three patients progressed to chronic kidney disease with an estimated glomerular filtration rate < 60 mL/min/1.73 m2 but none progressed to end stage renal disease. In conclusion, IMH had a generally benign course during 7-years of observation, although IgA nephropathy should be monitored if it progresses to proteinuria. Future prospective randomized studies may help conclude the long-term prognosis and lead to a consensus for managing IMH.

Confiabilidade da tradução da versão brasileira do questionário PedsQL - DREA para avaliação da qualidade de vida de crianças e adolescentes / Reliability of the Brazilian version of the PedsQL - ESDR questionnaire to evaluate quality of life of children and adolescents

Resumo Objetivo: Avaliar a confiabilidade da tradução e adaptação cultural do questionário Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory (Peds- QLTM) - Doença Renal em Estágio Avançado (DREA) - versão 3.0 - relato das crianças/adolescentes e relato dos pais para avaliação da Qualidade de Vida Relacionada à Saúde (QRVS) de crianças brasileiras portadoras de DREA. Método: Utilizou-se a metodologia proposta pelos autores da versão original dos questionários, por meio da administração dos mesmos a um grupo de 24 crianças e adolescentes portadores de DREA em acompanhamento na Unidade de Nefrologia Pediátrica do Instituto da Criança - HCFMUSP e 32 cuidadores primários (CP). Resultados: A análise estatística inicial dos sete domínios do questionário resultou em alfa de Cronbach entre 0,39 e 0,89. Os domínios que apresentaram valores inferiores a 0,5 foram recalculados separando-os por faixas etárias, o que resultou em elevação do alfa de Cronbach, demonstrando a influência da faixa etária na percepção da qualidade de vida, no paciente portador de DREA. A avaliação geral do alfa de Cronbach, todavia, apontou 0,81 e 0,71 para os questionários destinados aos relatos dos pacientes e dos CP, respectivamente, demonstrando uma boa consistência interna. Conclusão: A versão brasileira do questionário é válida, confiável e útil na mensuração da QVRS das crianças e dos adolescentes com DREA, segundo os relatos dos pacientes e dos CP. .

Abstract Objective: To evaluate the reliability of the translation and cultural adaptation of the Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory (PedsQLTM) - End Stage Renal Disease (ESRD) - version 3.0 - children/adolescents and parents reports in Brazilian children with ESRD. Methods: A group of 24 children and adolescents with ESRD, followed at Unidade de Nefrologia Pediátrica do Instituto da Criança - HCFMUSP and 32 primary caregivers were interviewed according to the me methodology proposed by the creator of the original questionnaire. Results: Statistical analysis using Cronbach's alpha resulted in values between 0.39 and 0.89 for all domains in initial statistical analysis. The domains that presented values lower than 0.5 were recalculated by age group, resulting in higher Cronbach's alpha values demonstrating the influence of the age in the perception of quality of life in ESRD patients. The overall rating of Cronbach's alpha values resulted in values of 0.81 and 0.71 in patients and PC reports, respectively, demonstrating good internal consistency. Conclusions: Ours results show that the Brazilian version of the questionnaires is valid, reliable and useful for measure HRQoL of children and adolescents ESRD, according to patients and PC reports. .

Limited immune tolerance induced by transient mixed chimerism

No abstract available.

Major changes and improvements of dialysis therapy in Korea: review of end-stage renal disease registry

The Korean Society of Nephrology (KSN) launched a nationwide end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patient registry in 1985 called the Insan Prof. Byung-Suk Min Memorial ESRD Patient Registry. KSN members voluntarily participate in this registry, which has been collecting data through the Internet since 2000. The KSN ESRD patient registry data were reviewed to elucidate the major changes and improvements in dialysis therapy in Korea. The data review revealed: a rapid increase in the number of patients with ESRD; an increase in the number of patients with diabetic nephropathy; a decrease in the proportion of patients undergoing peritoneal dialysis; an increase in the role of private dialysis clinics; an increase in the number of elderly patients undergoing dialysis and the number of patients undergoing long-term dialysis; a decrease in mean blood pressure and an increase in pulse pressure; improvement in anemia treatment; improvement in dialysis adequacy; and improvement in the survival of patients undergoing dialysis. In conclusion, improvements have been made in blood pressure control, anemia treatment, and dialysis adequacy despite increases in the number of elderly patients, diabetic patients, and patients on long-term dialysis during the last two decades in Korea.

Clinical characteristics of male and female Korean patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: a comparative study

BACKGROUND/AIMS: To compare the clinical characteristics and outcomes of systemic lupus erythematosus between male and female Korean patients. METHODS: A retrospective analysis was performed at a single tertiary hospital from August 1994 to May 2010. Male patients were matched with two to three female patients based on age and disease duration. Organ damage was assessed using the Systemic Lupus International Collaborating Clinics/American College of Rheumatology damage index (SLICC/ACR DI). RESULTS: Fifty-three male patients were compared with 150 female patients. Renal disorders were found more frequently in male patients at disease onset (p < 0.001); the adjusted odds ratio (OR) demonstrated a significant sex preponderance for renal manifestations (OR, 3.26; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.62 to 6.57). Diffuse proliferative lupus nephritis and end-stage renal disease requiring dialysis during the disease course were more prevalent in male patients (p = 0.025 and p < 0.001, respectively). The risk for requiring long-term dialysis was significantly higher in male than in female patients (OR, 4.02; 95% CI, 1.07 to 15.06), as was the mean SLICC/ACR DI (1.55 +/- 1.35 vs. 1.02 +/- 1.57, respectively; p = 0.028). CONCLUSIONS: Our data demonstrate that Korean patients with lupus have characteristics similar to those of cohorts reported previously. Male patients had significantly higher incidences of renal manifestations and organ damage.

Congenital nephrogenic diabetes insipidus with end-stage renal disease

No abstract available.

Utilidad diagnóstica del péptido natriurético tipo B en pacientes con insuficiencia cardíaca y enfermedad renal crónica / Diagnostic value of type B natruretic peptide in patients with congestive heart failure and chronic renal disease

La prevalencia de enfermedad cardiovascular en pacientes con enfermedad renal crónica es elevada, e incluso la disfunción renal leve ha sido considerada un factor de riesgo independiente de eventos cardiovasculares. La utilidad diagnóstica y pronóstica del péptido natriurético tipo B está bien establecida para la población general, pero la presencia de disfunción renal agrega un nivel de complejidad a su uso como marcador de insuficiencia cardíaca. Por lo tanto, no debe ser interpretado como un valor aislado, sino en el contexto de la situación clínica general.

There is a high prevalence of heart failure in patients with chronic renal disease and the latter has been considered an independent risk factor for cardiovascular events in this patient population. Type B natruretic peptide is useful for diagnosis and prognostic evaluation in patients with heart failure. However, the presence of renal dysfunction makes the interpretation of BNP levels more difficult. The appropriate considerations needed to evaluate BNP level as an indicator of heart failure in the presence of renal disease are discussed.

Transplantation of a Horseshoe Kidney Found During Harvest Operation of a Cadaveric Donor: A Case Report

A 34-yr-old female was diagnosed as being brain dead. Preoperative ultrasound revealed no abnormal focal lesions. However, the horseshoe kidney was identified during organ harvest. En bloc nephrectomy was performed. The kidney was divided at the midline of isthmus. The divided right kidney was discarded due to numerous arteries and veins. The divided left kidney was transplanted. After declamping, the kidney was well perfused and started clearing. Resistive index was 0.72. Glomerular filtration ratio was 84.69 mL/min on postoperative day 14. The horseshoe kidney can be successfully transplanted and could be a good solution for the shortage of organ donors.

Transplantation of a Horseshoe Kidney Found During Harvest Operation of a Cadaveric Donor: A Case Report

A 34-yr-old female was diagnosed as being brain dead. Preoperative ultrasound revealed no abnormal focal lesions. However, the horseshoe kidney was identified during organ harvest. En bloc nephrectomy was performed. The kidney was divided at the midline of isthmus. The divided right kidney was discarded due to numerous arteries and veins. The divided left kidney was transplanted. After declamping, the kidney was well perfused and started clearing. Resistive index was 0.72. Glomerular filtration ratio was 84.69 mL/min on postoperative day 14. The horseshoe kidney can be successfully transplanted and could be a good solution for the shortage of organ donors.

The impact of high-flux dialysis on mortality rates in incident and prevalent hemodialysis patients

BACKGROUND/AIMS: The effect of high-flux (HF) dialysis on mortality rates could vary with the duration of dialysis. We evaluated the effects of HF dialysis on mortality rates in incident and prevalent hemodialysis (HD) patients. METHODS: Incident and prevalent HD patients were selected from the Clinical Research Center registry for end-stage renal disease (ESRD), a Korean prospective observational cohort study. Incident HD patients were defined as newly diagnosed ESRD patients initiating HD. Prevalent HD patients were defined as patients who had been receiving HD for > 3 months. The primary outcome measure was all-cause mortality. RESULTS: This study included 1,165 incident and 1,641 prevalent HD patients. Following a median 24 months of follow-up, the mortality rates of the HF and low-flux (LF) groups did not significantly differ in the incident patients (hazard ratio [HR], 1.046; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.592 to 1.847; p = 0.878). In the prevalent patients, HF dialysis was associated with decreased mortality compared with LF dialysis (HR, 0.606; 95% CI, 0.416 to 0.885; p = 0.009). CONCLUSIONS: HF dialysis was associated with a decreased mortality rate in prevalent HD patients, but not in incident HD patients.

Documento de Consenso: implicancia de la proteinuria en el diagnóstico y seguimiento de la enfermedad renal crónica / Implication of proteinuria in the diagnosis and monitoring of the chronic kidney disease (CKD)

La Enfermedad Renal Crónica (ERC) es una entidad clínica secundaria a múltiples etiologías, que se caracteriza por ser silente en etapas tempranas y, en ausencia de tratamiento adecuado, frecuentemente tiene un curso progresivo que conduce al fallo irreversible de la función del órgano y requerimiento de tratamiento sustitutivo (diálisis o trasplante renal). La ERC es un factor de riesgo de enfermedad cardiovascular (CV), siendo ésta la complicación más frecuente, e inclusive la principal causa de fallecimiento de estos pacientes. Las dos causas más prevalentes de ERC son la diabetes mellitus y la hipertensión arterial. La ERC constituye un problema de Salud Pública, no sólo por la necesidad potencial de diálisis y trasplante a largo plazo, sino por la comorbilidad CV que implica desde etapas tempranas. Nuestras Sociedades Científicas y Profesionales Nacionales han recomendado, en un documento previo publicado en el año 2010, que la evaluación de la función del riñón se haga mediante la estimación del índice de filtrado glomerular (IFGe) por fórmula, a partir de la medición de la creatinina plasmática. La fórmula recomendada por nuestras sociedades en los adultos es la MDRD (Modification of Diet in Renal Disease), en la cual el único parámetro medido es la determinación de la creatinina en sangre, más allá de recientes opiniones sobre la potencial superioridad de la fórmula CKD-EPI (Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration), particularmente cuando la afectación de la función es leve. De todas maneras e independientemente de cuál sea la mejor fórmula para utilizar, la valoración funcional renal es una imagen del estado funcional del riñón de ese momento, y las evidencias acumuladas demuestran que poco nos dice sobre la posibilidad evolutiva de esa situación funcional y clínica. La presencia de concentraciones elevadas de proteína o albúmina en orina de modo persistente, es un signo de lesión renal y constituye, junto con el IFGe, la mejor estrategia sobre la que se sustenta el diagnóstico y pronóstico de la ERC. Para determinar la pérdida de proteínas o albúmina en orina se pueden utilizar: tiras reactivas, en muestras de orina al azar, primera orina de la mañana, u orina de 24 horas, dependiendo de cuál sea la situación o momento clínico en el que estemos actuando. Siendo diferente si estamos realizando una pesquisa poblacional, una confirmación diagnóstica especializada, en el seguimiento de un tratamiento clásico, o bien evaluando una nueva estrategia antiproteinúrica.Cabe destacar que el uso de tiras reactivas para la determinación de proteínas totales en orina ha sido evaluado por distintos estudios, los cuales han comparado la exactitud diagnóstica de la tira reactiva frente a la medida de proteína en orina de 24 horas en poblaciones con alta prevalencia de proteinuria (reacciones positivas a partir de 1+)Sin embargo, los resultados muestran una sensibilidad y especificidad variable. Por ello, la mayoría de guías de práctica clínica aconsejan la confirmación de un resultado positivo mediante una medida cuantitativa. Por otra parte, la medida semicuantitativa de albúmina a partir de tiras reactivas la cual se basa en métodos inmunológicos o no inmunológicos, son capaces de detectar pequeñas concentraciones de albúmina (límite de detección promedio 20 mg/l). Además, el valor predictivo positivo y negativo es variable dependiendo de la concentración utilizada para definir albuminuria. Teniendo en cuenta los conceptos mencionados, en los casos que se considere necesario valorar pequeñas cantidades de pérdida proteica por orina, debe medirse Albúmina urinaria y el cociente Albúmina/ Creatinina, preferentemente en la primera orina de la mañana. Cada situación clínica requiere conductas y metodologías preferenciales. Cuando pretendemos realizar la confirmación diagnóstica o el seguimiento de una enfermedad renal ya conocida, actualmente se recomienda el uso del cociente Albúmina/ Creatinina o del cociente Proteína/Creatinina en la primer orina de la mañana en adultos y niños pequeños, y la orina de 24 hs en niños con adecuado control de esfínteres. La concentración de proteína o albúmina en orina se recomienda que sea referida a la concentración de creatinina urinaria para minimizar los errores dependientes del volumen, y del estado de hidratación del paciente. La expresión de resultados será mg/g o bien mg/mmol, en función del tipo de unidades utilizadas por cada laboratorio. Los resultados se deberán expresar sin decimales (mg/g) o con un decimal (mg/mmol). Si las muestras no son procesadas el mismo día de la obtención, deben almacenarse a temperaturas entre 2 y 8 ºC hasta 7 días. Se recomienda abandonar el uso de los términos microalbuminuria y macroalbuminuria y sustituirse por el de albuminuria ya que la pérdida urinaria de albúmina constituye una variable continua de riesgo renal y cardiovascular. Este documento proporciona una visión general y actualizada sobre el rol de la proteinuria en el diagnóstico y seguimiento de la ERC.

Renal outcomes and clinical course of nondiabetic renal diseases in patients with type 2 diabetes

BACKGROUND/AIMS: In several recent studies, renal biopsies in patients with type 2 diabetes and renal disease have revealed a heterogeneous group of disease entities. Our aim was to study the prognosis and clinical course of nondiabetic renal disease (NDRD) and to determine risk factors for NDRD in patients with type 2 diabetes. METHODS: Renal biopsy reports of 110 patients with type 2 diabetes who were seen at Kyung Hee University Medical Center and Kyung Hee University Hospital at Gangdong, Seoul, Korea between January 2000 and December 2011 were retrospectively analyzed. RESULTS: Of 110 patients with type 2 diabetes, 41 (37.3%) had diabetic nephropathy (DN), 59 (53.6%) had NDRD, and 10 (9.1%) had NDRD superimposed on DN. Immunoglobulin A nephropathy (43.5%) was the most common NDRD. Patients with NDRD had a shorter duration of diabetes, lower frequency of diabetic retinopathy, and better renal outcomes, which might have resulted from the use of aggressive disease-specific treatments such as steroids and immunosuppressants in patients with NDRD. CONCLUSIONS: Compared with DN, NDRD was associated with better renal outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes, as evidenced by a higher cumulative renal survival rate and lower rate of end-stage renal disease (ESRD). Shorter duration of diabetes and absence of retinopathy were independent predictors of NDRD in patients with type 2 diabetes and renal involvement. Renal biopsy is recommended for patients with type 2 diabetes and risk factors for NDRD, to obtain an accurate diagnosis, prompt initiation of disease-specific treatment, and ultimately better renal outcomes with the avoidance of ESRD.

Quality of life in people with chronic hemodialysis: association with sociodemographic, medical-clinical and laboratory variables / Qualidade de vida de pessoas em hemodiálise crônica: relação com variáveis sociodemográficas, médico-clínicas e de laboratório / Calidad de vida de personas en hemodiálisis crónica: relación con variables sociodemográficas, médico-clínicas y de laboratorio

AIM: determine the quality of life for people in chronic hemodialysis and its association with sociodemographic, medical-clinical and laboratory variables. METHOD: exploratory, descriptive, cross-sectional study with stratified probability sampling. Quality of life was assessed using the KDQOL-36TM. Data were analyzed using SPSS statistical software. RESULTS: 354 people in chronic hemodialysis had low scores on most dimensions of quality of life, mainly Burden of Disease, Physical and Mental Component. Age, sex, education, income, time on dialysis, etiology of the disease, smoking, hospitalizations, albumin, creatinine and transplants were related. The results reveal multiple factors related to quality of life. CONCLUSION: there is a need to research on other aspects that permit focusing and optimizing the nursing care for these people.

OBJETIVO: determinar a qualidade de vida de pessoas em hemodiálise crônica e sua relação com variáveis sociodemográficas, médico-clínicas e de laboratório. MÉTODO: estudo exploratório, descritivo, transacional com amostragem de probabilidade estratificada. Qualidade de vida foi avaliada mediante o instrumento KDQOL-36TM. Os dados foram analisados com o programa estatístico SPSS. RESULTADOS: 354 pessoas em hemodiálise crônica apresentaram pontuações baixas na maioria das dimensões de qualidade de vida, principalmente carga da doença, componente físico e mental. Foram encontradas associações com idade, sexo, escolaridade, renda, tempo em diálise, etiologia da doença, cigarro, hospitalizações, quantidade de remédios, albumina, creatina e transplantes. Os resultados revelam múltiplos fatores relacionados à qualidade de vida. CONCLUSÃO: existe a necessidade de se investigar outros aspectos que permitam enfocar e otimizar o cuidado da enfermagem dirigido a essas pessoas.

OBJETIVO: determinar la calidad de vida de personas en hemodiálisis crónica y su relación con variables sociodemográficas, médico-clínicas y de laboratorio. MÉTODO: estudio exploratorio, descriptivo, transaccional con muestreo probabilístico estratificado. Calidad de vida fue evaluada mediante el instrumento KDQOL-36TM. Los datos fueron analizados con el programa estadístico SPSS. RESULTADOS: 354 personas en hemodiálisis crónica presentaron puntuaciones bajas en la mayoría de las dimensiones de calidad de vida, principalmente Carga de la Enfermedad, Componente Físico y Mental. Edad, sexo, escolaridad, ingresos económicos, tiempo en diálisis, etiología de la enfermedad, cigarrillo, hospitalizaciones, número medicamentos, albúmina, creatinina, trasplantes resultaron relacionados. Los resultados revelan múltiples factores relacionados con la calidad de vida. CONCLUSIÓN: existe necesidad de investigar otros aspectos que permitan enfocar y optimizar el cuidado de enfermería dirigido a estas personas.

Associação entre fatores de risco clínicos e laboratoriais e progressão da doença renal crônica pré-dialítica / Association between laboratory and clinical risk factors and progression of the predialytic chronic kidney disease

INTRODUÇÃO: A doença renal crônica (DRC) é muito prevalente e representa um importante problema de saúde pública. O maior conhecimento dos fatores de risco relacionados à progressão da DRC permite adotar estratégias terapêuticas que podem alterar o curso natural da doença. OBJETIVO: Avaliar o impacto de variáveis clínicas e laboratoriais à admissão nos desfechos de óbito e início de terapia renal substitutiva (TRS). MÉTODOS: Estudo de coorte retrospectiva, composta de 211 pacientes adultos com DRC nos estágios 3-5 tratados, acompanhados por 56,6 ± 34,5 meses. RESULTADOS: A idade média dos pacientes foi de 65,4 ± 15,1 anos, sendo 63,5% com > 60 anos. As principais etiologias de DRC foram nefroesclerose hipertensiva (29%) e doença renal diabética (DRD) (17%). A maioria dos pacientes encontrava-se no estágio 4 da DRC (47,3%). A perda média anual de taxa de filtração glomerular (TFG) foi 0,6 ± 2,5 mL/min/1,73 m² (mediana 0,7 mL/min/1,73 m²). Após os ajustes para as variáveis demográficas, clínicas e laboratoriais, concluiu-se que apresentar DRD [risco relativo (RR) 4,4; intervalo de confiança (IC) 95%, 1,47-13,2; p = 0,008] foi preditor de TRS e a idade (RR 1,09; IC 95%, 1,04-1,15; p < 0,0001) e o não tratamento com bloqueador do receptor da angiotensina (BRA) (RR 4,18; IC 95%, 1,34-12,9; p = 0,01) foram preditores de óbito. A sobrevida renal e a geral dos pacientes foram de 70,9% e 68,6%, respectivamente. CONCLUSÃO: Neste estudo, os pacientes com DRC nos estágios 3-5 tratados conservadoramente apresentaram estabilização funcional e baixa mortalidade, desfechos associados à DRD, idade e não tratamento com BRA.

INTRODUCTION: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a very common condition that has become a public health issue. Knowing more about risk factors associated with the progression of CKD allows therapeutic interventions that may change the natural course of the disease. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the impact of clinical and laboratory variables at admission on the outcomes death and need for renal replacement therapy (RRT). METHODS: A retrospective cohort study comprised of 211 adult patients with stages 3-5 CKD, followed-up for 56.6 ± 34.5 months. RESULTS: Mean age of patients was 65.4 ± 15.1 years and 63.5% were > 60 years. The main causes of CKD were hypertensive nephrosclerosis (29%) and diabetic kidney disease (DKD) (17%). Most patients (47.3%) were on stage 4 CKD. The mean annual loss of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) was 0.6 ± 2.5 mL/min/1.73 m² (median 0.77 mL/min/1.73 m²) After the adjustments for demographic, clinical and laboratory variables, DKD [relative risk (RR) 4.4; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.47 to 13.2; p = 0.008] was predictive of RRT; age (RR 1.09; 95% CI, 1.04 to 1.15; p < 0.0001) and the non-treatment with angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB) (RR 4.18, 95% CI, 1.34 to 12.9; p = 0.01) were predictors of death. Renal and patient survival rates were 70.9% and 68.6%, respectively. CONCLUSION: In this study, patients with stage 3-5 CKD treated conservatively showed stabilization of renal function and low mortality, which were impacted by DKD, age and to not using ARB, respectively.